Probation Officers and Parole Officers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Probation Officers and Parole Officers - Essay Example They work towards making sure that they have made the law offenders to live productive and useful lives. Depending on the legal status, the law offender may be on parole or probation. Law offenders who are given probationary sentence might or might not have served jail term in the county jail. Once the offender is released, they are put on parole or probation depending on the record of their offence. Those that have served time in federal or state correctional facility are placed on parole when they are released. Conditions are given to both types of offenders when they are released and a parole or probation officer supervises them for a specified period of time (California Occupational Guide, 1). Probation officers are also known as community supervisors in some states as they supervise people on probation. Practically a probation officer supervises those convicted of violent crimes because probation is granted to those with substantial drug abuse history and criminal background (Ba nks, 165). Probation officers also offer training that includes rational behavior training – it focuses on the officers using rationality principles to persuade a probationer to change his/her attitudes and beliefs. The training influences hostile offenders to develop new behavior and beliefs, which probation officers reinforce. Parole officers usually perform the same duties as probation officers, the only difference being that while parole officers supervise the offenders who have been released from prison, probation officers wok with the offenders in the prison (Labor Dept (U S) Bureau of Labor Statistics, 238). Parole officers are usually in the unit of the youth authority, corrections and the federal department of justice accounts directly to their particular parole boards and their main task is supervising their clients. Before the discharge of an offender, parole officers prepare arrangement and recommendation for their client. Parole officers approve such services as housing, counseling, social activities, employment and education (California Occupational Guide, 3). On the other hand, probation officers are usually at the courts and they execute pre-sentence investigations and organize reports on their clients. They also aid their clients to go back to the free society. They also implement courts order, which may incorporate them to seize evidence, organize for drug testing, make arrests and carry out searches. Parole officers focus their effort on surveillance rather than rehabilitation though their systems are scarce. In urban areas, parole agents are commonly occupied in verifying curfews, drug testing and electric monitoring. Most parolees do not complete their parole supervision and they therefore end up going back to prisons, making the prisons full. The role of parole officers is to have all the legal authority carried out and to use firearms to search without constraint of the forth amendment, order arrest without probable cause and conf ine without bail (Banks, 165). According to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), when the probation and the parole officers are running in jail and prisons, they supervise the improvement of the inmates. They may assess the inmates by means of psychological and questionnaires tests. They work directly with other agencies or officers to develop release and parole plans. Their report discusses the record of the inmate and the probability of the inmate committing another crime. This

The Professional Development Programs at Abbott Essay

The Professional Development Programs at Abbott - Essay Example PDPs are highly selective, two-three year assignment and rotation-based programs built around formal learning and mentoring. As a member of the program each employee will contribute as a functioning professional in a specific area within the company, rotate through challenging, demanding and diverse assignments and be paired with a mentor to assist in the development of his / her career. (Abbott) The success of participants in Professional Development Programs is convincing enough to prove that these programs are really helping them to grow in their career. According to Tomlin nearly 25% of participants are now in senior management positions. She says, One of the most popular psychological tests is Myers -Briggs type indicators (MBTI). It helps in knowing how a person feels and tends to think like in different situations. "It identifies individual's preferences for energy, information gathering and life-style" (Raymond Noe). It is highly useful for understanding and practicing different concepts like communication, teamwork, motivation, work styles and leadership. Abbott has developed a very scientific and successful system for its workforce training and development. It has incorporated all the latest methods in assessing the training needs of employees and how best they can learn new skills.

Examining Problems Of Urbanization

Examining Problems Of Urbanization In this essay, problems of urbanization is examined what extend can be met by policy of sustainable development. This essay includes the definition of urbanization and its problems. These problems are pollution problems, traffic congestion, housing and effects of urbanization on society. This essay represents possible solutions for these problems by policy of sustainable development. Also, it contains the explanation of sustainable development. The meaning of urbanization can be basically described as the expansion of cities by encompassing the rural areas in it. Urbanization is not just physically growth. Also, it contains population and social and economic structure. The urban growth generally has been caused by immigrations. Most of these immigrations are done from rural areas to urban areas. Sometimes it can be seen from countries to countries. The reasons of migration can be arranged as economic, technologic and sociological. The urbanization has positive sides as well as negative. The major advantage of urbanization is economic development. The cities supply more facilities to its citizens with huge amount of technological equipments. On the other hand, negative sides follow the technological and economical development. All forms of pollution increase together with growth of population. Traffic congestion also starts to seen in the developed countries. Housing problems accrue due to population access from rural areas to urban areas. The whole of society is affected by urbanization. All of these negative sides can be arranged as the problems of urbanization. The problems of urbanization need to be addressed. In this developing world, nobody can stop the growth of population. However, if urban areas could be developed with a good method like sustainability, the problems of urbanization would be solved. Sustainability means the ability of sustain something. In other words, think of the future and make a plan. The aim of it is prevent some problems which will be faced in the future. If the cities are developed regarding to policy of sustainable development, the problems of urbanization can be met. In the last centuries, the urbanization had been got an uncontrolled phase. The huge amounts of people migrate to cities from rural areas. There are several causes of it. The major causes of urbanization can be arranged as economic, technologic, politic and psycho-sociological. People, who have been living in the rural areas, tend to migrate to cities because of economic factors. Specially, in the developed countries, there is vast amount of difference between peasant`s income and civicsà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ income. So, the people who have been living in the rural areas immigrate to cities to increase their incomes. Besides, people immigrate to live more comfortable and for education. Firstly, population problem arises in urbanization. The balance of the population between rural areas and cities starts to grow up. While the cities are expanding, the farmland starts to destroy. In the rural areas, life is more difficult than the life, in the cities. Transportation, communication, technological needs are always difficult to benefit in the rural areas. Therefore, people spread towards cities. All types of pollution can be seen easily in the urbanization. Air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, light pollution and solid product waste are the main pollutions which are increased parallel to urbanization. Because of the population growth, the air quality decreases in the urban areas. The trucks, cars, factories always exhaust a huge amount of carbon dioxide in a day to the air. The number of truck, car, and factory are raised parallel to people population. As population growth in cities, the demand of clean water increase. Sometimes the local authority cannot supply enough clean water to citizen due to high population. So, the water pollution occurs in the urban areas. The other pollution is noise pollution. In our daily life everybody use their cars, especially in the cities, car noise is the simplest example for noise pollution. The noise could be created by cars, people, factories, construction sites. Because of noisy environment, people have been less fertile and uncreative in their professional life. Again, all of them are connected with population growth. Light pollution causes to loss of electricity energy as well as environmental pollution. This also creates a problem for the future. By using more energy to use lights, the sources for electricity go down. This is the main problem of urbanization, unsustainable development. In the developing countries, solid product waste is another problem in the recent years. High population always need more supply. Sanitation should be always kept on high for public health. Whole pollutions act a very important role in human life. Pollution creates different type of disasters. According to P.S. Brandon, P.L. Lombardi V. Bentivegna (1997, p. 134) China is one of the cities which is faced with environmental degradation, in the world. Environmental degradation covers both its air and water. To improve this environmental degradation governments develop some strict laws. Water pollution, air pollution, noise pollution and the other environmental degradations can be met by policy of environmental protection law. The other problem which occurs in the cities because of urbanization is traffic congestion. Using a private car has become very common in the world. Everybody prefers to use their cars to simply their life. It seems especially in the urbanization countries. This attitude creates traffic congestion. Besides, with this problem, it causes more energy usage, time loss and makes people nervous. To decrease the traffic congestion, the governments find some possible solutions. Public transportation is the most common solution to prevent traffic congestion. The developing cities should produce more sustainable products, vehicles, buildings to save more energy for future generations. According to S. M. Wheeler and T. Beatley (2004, p.98) to prevent the traffic congestion, traffic calming is the process of slowing down traffic to create safer, conductive to pedestrians, cyclists and residential life. With this alternative solution, the air and noise pollution will be decreased. Also, the fuel consumption will be reduced. The cities will be more sustain by traffic calming method. Energy will be saved by this way. Roads will be used safely. Briefly, this method will be solved one of this urbanization problem, traffic congestion. As list of my essay, third problem of the urbanization is housing. Because of large amount of migrants, housing problem has been increasing day to day in cities. The migrants who migrate from rural areas to cities create a problem. These migrants try to find suitable accommodation for them. Unfortunately, due to the low income of migrants, it is impossible to find an accommodation by reasonable price. There are large amount of flats, houses and buildings to live in cities. However, the accommodation price is large as well as amount of accommodation. People start to live unsuitable buildings in cities after migration. The migrants hold old and inconvenient accommodation to survive their life. This creates another problem, which is called visual pollution. Besides, several diseases can easily spread into cities. According to Mark, Gordon, Peter Ron (2007, p. 362) groups of buildings or building stocks is the useful method to over to the management of social housing stock. The governme nts have some policy to over to the management of social housing stock. If policy of housing always applies, the housing problem can be solved by this policy. Fourthly, suffering of societies can be counted as a problem of urbanization. Urbanization effect on societies is the other problem. Fundamentally, this problem is the result of other problems, pollution, traffic congestion and housing. Because of these problems, peoples` welfare goes down. The societies feel bed. This problem can be solved after other problem`s solutions. As a result of, urbanization is created by people and can be solved again by people. The main reason of urbanization is unbalanced income between peasant and civic. In the other worlds, urbanization is expansion of cities and contraction of farmland. According to Philip M. Hauser Leo F. Schnore (1967, p. 1) the reasons to emergence of cities are the size of total population, the control of natural environment, technological development and developments in social organization. The major triggering factor of developing cities is technology. Technology should be used correctly. Even if cannot be used correctly or without caring future, it cause some problems such as urbanization. Urbanization has lots of negative sides. In case, urbanization control by policy of sustainable development. The brief meaning of sustainable development is deliberate developing. The problems which occur due to urbanization can be solved with caring future. And developing some rules or policies by governments will prevent problems of urbanization. For example, to prevent the environmental pollution that contains air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, visual pollution and solid wastes can be decreased by making lawful to sustainable development. On the other hand, increasing the number of public transportation with reasonable price can raise the demand of using public transportation. Besides, the fuel consumption, noise and air pollution can be solved by this way. Also, traffic congestion can be solved by developing the infrastructure of transportation facilities. For the other problem, housing problem, governments can apply strict rules to prevent housing problems which is occur because of immigrations from rural areas to cities. If all these problems are solved, automatically, the last problem, effect of urbanization on societies can be disappeared.

National Debt :: Argumentative Economy Economics Papers

National Debt How large are we going to allow the national debt to become? If we believe that it never comes due then its size is of little concern. However, that belief is like that of the ostrech; bury your head in the sand so you can not see the problem and the problem goes away. The fact is that the size of the debt is nearly five trillion dollars and grows by an average of 620 million dollars every day! The cause is that every year the government spends more than it collects in taxes. The government makes up the difference by borrowing billions of dollars annually, competing against private enterprise for the use of money saved by American citizens. That money should be used for investments to improve our standard of living and create a brighter future. Instead, our savings are being used by the government to pay for todays consumption, for special interests and for the interest on money borrowed in earlier years. At the present rate of growth the interest payment will eventually be greater than the current debt. Can we afford this? Are there enough creditors to support such an enormous burden? What will happen to our future, our childerns future? We are spending it for them now before they have a say about it. Surely this trend of deficit spending is leading us to national bankruptcy. A new policy geared toward a zero deficit must be adopted. This means that we must change the way we view spending on the entitlement programs, defense and domestic discretionary programs. Between 1980 and 1990 the national debt quadrupled from 800 million to 5 trillion. The current trend of spend every cent we can get our hands on and borrow the rest by mortgaging our future must be stopped. The fact that past investment in government bonds was sound and secure does not predict that the future will remain the same. How can

Public order Essay

Step 1 1. Why is public order necessary? Primarily, its purpose is to maintain an ideal state of public decency as possible. A set standard applied to all citizens with little to no gray area in needed for this purpose. Without public order and its controls, no threat of repercussions against acts exists (to include criminal, personal or political violence) potentially creating a free-for-all and ensuing chaos. 2. Does our society have enough public order or too little? Unless the US implements a system commensurate with that of a totalitarian/communist government, it is hard to measure whether current public order policies are sufficient or lacking. Having said that, I believe there are enough controls in place to justify the amount that we do have without infringing on rights. As of now, they are stringent enough to make potential criminals at least consider the weight of actions before they act on them. Considering the individual wills and motives of 300 million people, the current system is doing as good a job as can be expected. Step 2 3. What can crime statistics tell us about the crime picture in America? How has that picture changed over time? It gives those that report/analyze crime rates data about how specific crimes can be compared across a spectrum of areas time. There have been three separate ebbs and flows of crime over nearly 70 years of statistics collection. The most consistent factor has been due to major shifts in the male population and socio-economic picture (wars, baby-boom civil rights struggle) during these times, coupled with increased government and law enforcement efforts.

A Practice in Skepticism

Johnston makes very valid points in his article. The main thrust of what he’s saying is that even though there is so much hype about the crisis that is supposedly hitting our economy, journalists and everyone else for that matter have to take a step back and take a look at the bigger picture.We shouldn’t react immediately to all the warnings and doomsday announcements. Don’t buy into the hype is what Johnston is saying. Take a look at what is really happening, assess for yourself, think critically about how certain changes impact the market and how these really play out. It’s not as simple as it all seems.Johnston’s arguments were very solid. He gave explicit examples from his own personal experiences with bank loans in order to get his argument across.He didn’t claim to be an expert and didn’t even try to convince his reader through hard facts. He simply stated the bank loan offers he received as well as the information he got from so urces regarding banks. The entire article came across as a persuasion to the reader to go out and see for himself/herself the validity of what he was saying.ly panic and fret about the country’s economy. Rash decisions and even rasher investment in actions by groups that pretend to be the solution to the crisis are unwise. These principles apply not just to the present economic crisis but to all situations that one may come across.It’s not enough to simply know the facts and to accept the facts presented by others. A practice in skepticism is truly needed especially in journalism. When one is charged with the responsibility of disseminating valuable information to the public, discerning the real facts is crucial. One has to be skeptical until the facts have been logically pieced together.